The Role Of Competition Law And Its Effects On The Local...

My interest in this paper is to consider a complex network prospective; the application of Competition Law, and more specifically related to its effects on monopolistic competition, and its effects on the local market and South African economy as a whole. South Africa (SA) was distant from many other major markets and production centers. This made it complex for international trade to compensate for these conditions, even though trade has expanded since 1994, mainly with the European (EU) and the United States (US). Tariff levels have declined on average, but anti-dumping duties protect key industries such as steel, where the state has long had an interest and an exclusive export agent can prevent arbitrage between export and local markets. SA’s history of import substitution and the attendant habits of business practice and government policy favored local insiders thus challenging other market entrants. This encouraged the new SA government to review the SA competition law regime in the White Paper on Reconstruction and Development in 1994. The need for a new competition policy in SA was because of excessive economic concentration and ownership, collusive practices by enterprises and the abuse of economic power by firms in dom inant positions. A need for further transition emanated from the effects of globalization and trade liberalization and the need to redress past inequality and non-participation in the national economy. Thus fundamental principle of competition policyShow MoreRelatedCollaboration of Buying Suppliers in South African Automotive Industry636 Words   |  2 Pagesindustry in South Africa is a present issue that needs to be considered, (Naude Weiss, 2011). 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An Exploration of Disability and Isolation in Of Mice and Men

During the Great Depression, migrant farmers sought out work to stay alive. When they finally found a job to sustain them, workers were mistreated, starved, paid poor wages, and, worst of all, robbed of necessary human companionship. John Steinbeck captures the hopelessness of Depression-era farm life in his novella Of Mice and Men. Throughout the novella, most characters have a disability crippling them and pushing them away from other workers on the farm. Their disabilities are a physical embodiment of their isolation. Steinbeck uses his disabled characters to illustrate the depth of their loneliness, as well as to exemplify different types of loneliness. Candy, an old ranch worker, is pushed away from the others due to both his old age†¦show more content†¦The reader sees fleeting glances of his insecurities, such as when he runs into the bunkhouse, demanding, â€Å"Any you guys seen my wife?†, for as much as Curley may brag about it, his wife is hardly ever by his side (Steinbeck 53). Curley lacks self-confidence, and must bully the other workers to raise his own self-esteem. Picking fights with other men, which is the one thing that saves Curley from his internal lack of confidence, also causes his demise: â€Å"Lennie grabs his entire fist in mid-swing, stopping him, and then proceeds to crush Curleys hand† (Bloom). His hand, which he used to beat others, was his only savior, and now Lennie has crushed it, which disables Curley even more and pushes him further away from the tall, confident, masculine fighter he wishes to be. His loneliness stems from insecurity, and his disabilities cause that insecurity. Curley’s wife, on the other hand, is not insecure, but suffers from ostracism and isolation because she is a married woman. Michael Meyer points out, â€Å"†¦the hardship for a woman to live on the ranch as presented in the novel should not be ignored†. Curley’s wife only wants someone to talk with her, bu t the men on the ranch mistake her trying to start conversations as sexual advances: â€Å"I never seen nobody like her. She got the eye goin’ all the time on everybody†¦ I don’t know what the hell she wants† (Steinbeck 51). 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While the two men were primarily responsible for the success, Wilson and Lassiter clashed on numerous occasions. Lassiter felt that much of the territory managers’ work and marketing support activities could be automated to provide the MSCC with a significant reduction

BIM For Risk Management Of Bridge Projects â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The BIM For Risk Management Of Bridge Projects? Answer: Introduction: The Business Information modeling or BIM has altering the approach in which the buildings and the broader infrastructure are developed and planned. It has been extending from the designing, execution and maintenance to taking of raw data and making that actionable and valuable information (Lu et al. 2015). The report includes the clash detection of the federated model and the quantity takes off for the model. It has also analyzed the safety measures and the scheduling plan for the model. Clash detection report of the federated model: As per as the clashes are concerned, two components are considered occupying the same space. They are the hard clash. For example, this includes the column that has been running through the pipe-work via the steel beam. They are time-consuming and expensive to keep proper as discovered onsite. The soft clashes take place as the element is not provided with the geometric or the spatial tolerances (Won and Lee 2016). For instance, the air conditioning unit might need particular permission regarding maintenance, safety and access steeling the beam must negotiate. Provided the enough object data, the software has been utilized for checking the adherence to the relevant standards and regulations. The other type of clashes has been including the scheduling of the contractors, delivery of materials and equipment and the common conflicts in the timeline. They are generally denoted as the 4D clashes or the workflow. The conventional process of design must watch the specialists performing on the distinct drawing with the tracing papers. They are generated during the co-ordination checkpoints for checking the compatibility. This was also not unusual for the clashes to be found on the construction site. This has been done with highly efficient delays and expenses (Hadzaman, Takim and Nawawi 2015). At the second level of the BIM process, the ranges of the federated models are generated. The coordinated drops of data are utilized for informing the master model. The BIM software and the tools have been permitting the designers to analyze the clashes in their models. The class detecting software has been turning to highly sober. It has been users to examine the clashes under particular sub-sets. For example, this includes the structural elements against the walls. It also considers those to be flagged over the screen. For some of the geometric clashes, the acceptance has been perfect. The rules of software have been drawing on the object data that has been embedded. This could halt such type of clashes that are being flagged (Lee and Won 2014). The running of the clash detection report or the scan has been typically bringing up various duplicate cases of the similar issue. As a single running of the pipework has been clashing with the five beams, it shows the five clashes. However solving just one problem, the placement of that pipework solves all the clashes. The canceling and reviewing of the clashes is the design has been the primary part of the process of BIM. With the automated process, the type of scans must not be depending on the isolation. This must form the part of the broader process of design coordination. Quantity take-off for the federated model: Time could be saved in the material quantification. The pains of the uncoordinated and the incomplete drawings could be avoided. Moreover, the risks of the improper amount from the preconstruction to the management site with the constructible model could be reduced. With the Tekla models, quality data could be generated quickly for being confident to the bid and the numbers. They must be prepared to run and pour the operations of construction effectively with the clear understanding of the projects. This must be taking the advantages of the simple access to the upgraded, consistent and the ready-for-construction quantities (Zou et al. 2016). Through the usage of the flexible tools, one could automate the manual material quantifications, tedious and the tasks of information management. The proper models have been allowing visualizing the data and creating the reliable reports on-demand. This has been forming the rebar, embeds, concrete and the formwork. This has been with the proper information embedded with material and logistic attributes. The quantity take-off for the federated model has been helping to achieve better estimates and the schedules with the reliable quantities. The BIM-enabled projects should create the precise quantities of material for the formwork and the concrete areas and so much more. They are exported to Excel through the ready-made templates with just a click (Jo et al. 2016). The quantity take-off for the federated model also deals with simple access to the on-demand and the quantities reporting at the real time. This also deals with the managing and sorting of the constructible data as preferred with the flexible tools. The concrete pout take-offs are been categorized by the location, sequence and the schedule. It also retrieves the advantages from the structured pour data. This includes the volumes, areas, rebars types, concrete mix, and embeds formwork and so on. The attributes relevant to the material and the logistics could be incorporated in the model objects for matching the report needs. The quantity take-off for the federated model also organizes the project data on the fly. They must generate the customizable sections according to the structure and the location type to manage the project information efficiently. The information and the reporting management must be automated as per the project requirements. The changes in the model have been automatically updating every category, drawings and the reports. BIM-enabled projects have been visualizing the quality take-offs and been communicating clearly. This indicates that the take-offs must be colored and visualized automatically in 3D. The drawings and the reports are to be generated with the 3D visualizations (Aibinu et al. 2014). This also includes the bar bending scheduled from the model directly. The quality model as the source of data has been ensuring the consistency of the reports, the take-offs drawings, and the schedules. Safety checks of the federated model: These are discussed hereafter. 4D, 5D, 6D: Firstly there was the 2D CAD. Now 3D CAD has been there as the additional dimensions for referring to link the BM model with the cost, link and the information related to the schedule. Asset Information Model (AIM), Building Information Model (BIM), Project Information Model (PIM): Apart from the building of the information model, the asset information model is required to assist in running the finished. The asset information model is the similar model of post-construction (Thomas et al. 2014). Conversely, the project altered model has been the term given to the construction and the design stage. BIM execution plan (BEP): This has been turning to split into the pre-contract BEP. This has been in response to the requirements of the employers information necessities. This also includes the post-contract BEP setting out as the delivery details as contracted. Description of stages: Level 0 BIM In the simplest form, the Level zero has been denoting the collaboration. The 2D CAD drafting is just used here to produce information. The distribution and the output have been through the electronic prints, paper and with the assimilation of both. Level 1 BIM At this level, most of the organizations have been operating currently. It has typically comprised of the mixture of the 3D CAD for the concept work. This also includes the 2D for drafting the statutory approval of documentation and the information production (Davies, McMeel and Wilkinson 2014). Level 2 BIM This has been distinguished by the collaborative working. Every party has been using their individual models of a 3d CAD. However, this not been necessarily working in the one shared model. Level 3 BIM It has been presently seen as the holy grail. It has been representing the complete collaboration taking place between every discipline. This has been by the means of using the single and shared project model (Eadie et al. 2013). This has been held in the centralized repository. Every party could access and change the same model. The benefit has been it has been removing the last layer of the risk to conflict the information. Figure 1: The description of the levels (Source: Bimtalk.co.uk, 2017) Conclusion: Using the BIM tools discussed in the report, an early understanding of the site, scale and the building conditions could be analyzed. This is also helpful in budget estimation. The technologies supporting the various uses would help to inform the streamline processes and the project team. The site analysis tools could be used to make sense of the multiple sites. This also helps to communicate with the drawbacks and the advantages. As the model changes during the project, the BIM could be used as the tool for coordinating the cost and take-off. Recommendations: The supplementary legal agreement has been developed for being utilized by the contractor details and the construction clients. It has been included into the appointments of the professional services and constructing the contracts. This has been the amendments to the standard terms. It has been generating the extra obligations and the rights of the employer. It also includes the contracted party for facilitating the collaborative working. It is done by protecting the ownership of the intellectual property along with the liability differentiation among the involved. Doing the Clash rendition: Referred to in PAS 1192-2, rendition of the native-format model file is being used specifically for spatial coordination processes. Used to achieve clash avoidance or for clash detection (between, for example, structure and services) between Building Information Models prepared by different disciplines. The key benefit is in reducing errors, and hence costs, pre-construction commencement. The usage of Common Data Environment (CDE): This has been a repository of the central information repository. This could be accessed by every stakeholder in the BIM-enabled project. As every data under the CDE could be freely accessed, the ownership could be retained still by the originator. The cloud storage has been an important approach to provide CDE. This has been through it has been the project extranet. Through the Data Exchange Specification: The specifications for the formats of the electronic files are utilized regarding the exchange of the digital data. It has been occurring between the applications of BIM software. Thus it has been facilitating the interoperability. References: Aibinu, A.A., de Jong, P., Wamelink, H. and Koutamanis, A., 2014. Using Effort Distribution Analysis to Evaluate the Performance of Building Information Modeling Process. InComputing in Civil and Building Engineering (2014)(pp. 73-80). Allied Market Research. (2017).Building Information Modeling (BIM) Market is Expected to Garner $11.7 Billion, Globally, by 2022. [online] Available at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/press-release/building-information-modeling-market.html [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Ayer, S.K., Cribbs, J., Hailer, J.D. and Chasey, A.D., 2015. Best Practices and lessons learned in BIM Project Execution Planning in Construction Education. InProceedings of 9th BIM Academic Symposium and Job Task Analysis Review, Washington, DC(pp. 167-174). Azhar, S., Khalfan, M. and Maqsood, T., 2015. Building information modelling (BIM): now and beyond.Construction Economics and Building,12(4), pp.15-28. Bim-level2.org. (2017).BIM Level 2. [online] Available at: https://bim-level2.org/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Bimplus.co.uk. (2017).Explaining the levels of BIM | BIM+. [online] Available at: https://www.bimplus.co.uk/management/explaining-levels-bim/ [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Bimtalk.co.uk. (2017).bim_glossary:level_of_maturity - BIMTalk. [online] Available at: https://bimtalk.co.uk/bim_glossary:level_of_maturity [Accessed 26 Sep. 2017]. Chae, L.S. and Kang, J., 2015. Understanding of Essential BIM Skills through BIM Guidelines. InASC Proceedings of the 51st Annual Conference. Davies, K., McMeel, D. and Wilkinson, S., 2014. Practice vs. PrescriptionAn Examination of the Defined Roles in the NZ BIM Handbook. InComputing in Civil and Building Engineering (2014)(pp. 33-40). Eadie, R., Browne, M., Odeyinka, H., McKeown, C. and McNiff, S., 2013. BIM implementation throughout the UK construction project lifecycle: An analysis.Automation in Construction,36, pp.145-151. Hadzaman, N.A.H., Takim, R. and Nawawi, A.H., 2015. Building Information Modelling (BIM): the impact of project attributes towards clients demand in BIM-based project.Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Design, Construction and Operations,149, p.59. Jo, Y.H., Lee, J.S., Ham, N.H. and Kim, J.J., 2016. Bim Strategy Plan through Domestic Construction Companies BIM Project Case Analysis-focused on the BIM USE of the project from 2009 to 2015.Journal of KIBIM,6(2), pp.1-11. Lee, G. and Won, J., 2014, August. Goal-driven method for sustainable evaluation of BIM project success level. In10th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM), Vienna, Austria(pp. 33-38). Liu, R. and Issa, R.R.A., 2013. Issues in BIM for Facility Management from Industry Practitioners' Perspectives. InComputing in Civil Engineering (2013)(pp. 411-418). Lu, W., Fung, A., Peng, Y., Liang, C. and Rowlinson, S., 2015. Demystifying construction project timeeffort distribution curves: BIM and non-BIM comparison.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(6), p.04015010. Poirier, E.A., Forgues, D. and Staub-French, S., 2015. INFORMING ACTION IN BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) BASED MULTI-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION.BOARD OF EXAMINERS THIS THESIS HAS BEEN EVALUATED BY THE FOLLOWING BOARD OF EXAMINERS, p.265. Thomas, K., Chisholm, G., Dempsey, B., Graham, B. and Stubbs, R., 2014. Collaborative BIM learning via an academia-industry partnership.International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling (IJ3DIM),3(1), pp.40-48. Won, J. and Lee, G., 2016. How to tell if a BIM project is successful: A goal-driven approach.Automation in Construction,69, pp.34-43. Zou, Y., Zou, Y., Kiviniemi, A., Kiviniemi, A., Jones, S.W. and Jones, S.W., 2016. Developing a tailored RBS linking to BIM for risk management of bridge projects.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,23(6), pp.727-750.

There appears to be a multitude of underlying problems that are consuming the HBS department Essay Example

There appears to be a multitude of underlying problems that are consuming the HBS department Essay The department is understood to be the worst in the factory with claims and evidence of bad attitude, poor atmosphere, low motivation and low job satisfaction. Over the past eight years a high turnover of six managers has occurred. This was accompanied with managers not meeting or being told of production targets and usually with high level of wastage. HBS have many interpersonal/intergroup problems within the department. This is not only confined to within inter and intra parts of the packing and production staff but also between the supervisors of both the teams. This is confirmed with the large amount of time consumed by the department manager resolving conflict between both the supervisors in the packing and manufacturing department. The average amount of time consumed by conflict being 25% in private sector and 50% in public (Harvey and Brown, 2001) Although in this case it looks like more than 25% of the managers time is being spent on conflict. We will write a custom essay sample on There appears to be a multitude of underlying problems that are consuming the HBS department specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on There appears to be a multitude of underlying problems that are consuming the HBS department specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on There appears to be a multitude of underlying problems that are consuming the HBS department specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although as we will discuss shortly some conflict may actually be healthy as in the interactionist approach it is apparent that too much may actually provide what G.Morgan terms as dysfunctional energy. Badly handled competition between the two supervisors is also a problem. It is very common for the production department to ignore requests, concerns from packaging and proceed in increasing and meeting production targets with the comment its my job to produce sweets This kind of behavior would also be common with what is termed sub optimization. Sub-optimization usually has a negative effect for the organization as a whole as the department is driving to maximum it own goals rather than that of the organization. This can be seen in the xy activity used by C.Oswick. The lack of communication is also apparent. Despite being a highly interdependent department it appears that little communication occurs among and between each departments staff at ground level and also at senior. Much of the Packaging staff are imbedded in interpersonal conflict and the production staff communicate very rarely among even themselves. Dissatisfaction among its manufacturer side of the department has also risen through the misunderstanding and incorrect implementation of the pay structure regarding the job grading scheme. Despite this scheme enabling the employees to be trained in up to 40 different lines of production, many of the skills learnt depreciate due to lack of usage with the supervisor usually tending to assign staff to the areas they perform best at. Staff as a result are becoming increasingly bored with their lack of job differentiation. It also appears that staff are unhappy at what they call Impossible Levels of production being asked of them. This results in more waste as described in research by W.F Whyte in money and motivation which we will discuss later. Finally on a more practical level there also appears to be problems with the age of machinery. Breakdowns appears to be regular which is damaging to production and will render the packaging department useless. THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE CAUSES There would appear to be several key factors with many interlinked and the main causes being: lack of communication, mishandled competition, inter-group conflict, role conflict, role ambiguity, sub-optimization and inter-group relationships. One of the major problems affecting organizational effectiveness is the amount of dysfunctional energy expended in inappropriate competition and fighting between groups that should be collaborating (Beckhard 1969) As we can see from the quote above conflict can cause plenty of dysfunctional energy. The major example of this would be the conflict between both the supervisors of the department. More energy is being spent on conflict about such things as power imbalance, role ambiguity than actually listen to the problems at ground floor level. This also effects management effectiveness as much of his work capacity is consumed by trying to solve conflict. Other determinants that interlink or promote growth of conflict would be role ambiguity and sub-optimization. Sub-optimization occurs when A group optimizes its own sub goals but loses sight of the larger organization goals. (L.J Mullins) This is currently occurring between the packaging and production department and is underlined by the production department having a power imbalance over the packaging department. They are able to adjust production speeds to their liking and so therefore determine output and meet their own targets. However this currently is without any consideration regarding the packaging department who are not always able to manage the larger output from production. Although production are meeting their targets for their subgroup they are actually hindering the company as packaging are unable to pack the products efficiently as they are unable to cope with the sheer volume. This therefore causes conflict between both supervisors. Role ambiguity also plays a key role in conflict caused. Role ambiguity exists when an individual or the members of the group are not clear about their functions, purposes and goals within the organization (Rosenfeld 1999) This is certainly arising within HBS department as many of the employees dont know their targets for production, only simply that they have to produce. Much of the department is also operating without feedback, this causes ambiguity as they are not being reassured about their functions and purposes. This as well as causing conflict will prove to be a de-motivating factor among the work force. Communication and co-operation is also a key problem. Many of workers are rarely communicating with each other on the production line and there are many interpersonal problems among the packaging staff. The unwillingness of the supervisors to listen or co-operate with workers for example the fact they havent listen to staff wanting to give advice from the floor or their desire of afternoons with less work load. The fact that the production supervisor isnt asking or knowing the workers threshold of production and is pushing the staff to unachievable levels of production it is resulting in the larger amounts of wastage. Research from W.F Whyte (Money and motivation) shows that factory workers have incredible guile. He determines that they are able to control many aspects of their work even under close supervision. He also talks of how many workers were able to actually cause damage to products on purpose when they are asked to work too fast a pace. This maybe one of the reasons for the high wastage at HBS Also with the staff not in frequent and constructive communication with supervisors the production feel that they can actually handle and manage the job better than the supervisors and management. This in turn has induced the workers to actually act as gatekeepers of information (Oswick and Grant 1996) this allows them to control the flow of any type of information from the production floor and detach themselves from any responsibility when things go wrong. THE RECOMMENDED PRESCRIPTION Now that we know that conflict is one of the key factors of the problems among HBS we need to start implementing techniques and changes to help address the situation. Conflict arises whenever interests collide (G.Morgan) this statement by Morgan helps us understand that several problems are caused by colliding interest. Clearly we see this with the supervisors. There are many ways in which to solve, reduce or turn conflict into a positive factor. First we must understand there are two main style approaches toward management of conflict. Firstly there is the traditional approach to conflict (Table1). This approach sees conflict as avoidable and caused by troublemakers. This is the view currently being taken by the production supervisor who wanted to get rid of the trouble makers. Under the current situation I would imply it would be over the top as it could be argued he is also a trouble maker in regards to the situation. If management were to undertake this more traditional approach large quantities of the staff would have to either leave, or be transferred with at best the conflict being solved at present but with never actually solving its root cause. This method was a great concern for Miller and Friesen (1984) who support the adoption of more proactive and anticipatory methods In this situation I would suggest a more interactionist approach to conflict (Table1) This accepts that some conflict among the organization is inevitable and is more down to the structural factors rather than troublemakers. A well managed amount of conflict can offer many advantages. It keeps people on their toes, nothing becomes too routinized and the organization isnt as resistant to change. It can also provide a basis for better decision making as there is a possibly a more diverse amount of ideas and also no ready made solution. From figure1 we see that there is a supposed optimal level of conflict and performance, it is important that the manager finds the correct level as slipping to a higher level of conflict would bring them back to the situation they are currently suffering. Training for management/supervisors should be given if required. Structure is also very important and is something I suggest looking at before analyzing individuals and groups. As Daft 1995 says Structure can often be the cause of inter-group/personal conflict. HBS need to install or reinforce their structure. Currently little feedback is being given and there appears to be no actual common reward or goal between both sections. This alone will cause conflict among the two separate subgroups as currently they are not being given stimulus to work together. If the departments are given common goals then it is likely to bring about a reduction in conflict. This is supported by the famous C.Sherif study (1953) who promotes the use of superordinated goals. The superordinated goals I would promote in this case would be the production of finished quality sweets (After packaging) The reward system would enforce this. If the production of finished sweets meets given targets then staff could be rewarded financially Out of the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 (Adams equity theory) This would also mean negotiation/co-operation of both supervisors as they would be accessed on the final product. So no matter how many sweets the production department produced it would also have to talk with packaging to produce an effective output. The power balance would also be reduced as packaging would now be a bigger determinate in the equation. Now if they dont work together no rewards will be gained. To support the recommendations we need to improve the communication and cooperation of the organisation. Much has been discussed about the negative effects that poor communication/cooperation has on effectiveness. What HBS must implement in accordance with above is: more interaction, more negotiation, and the frequency at which it takes place. This increases collaboration and integration between both departments. It also reinforces superordinated goals and brings about such advantages as increased motivation, commitment and self esteem. This increase of communication will also bring about the harvesting of new ideas. For instance staff are not happy with rotation during off peak and on peak times. On peaks times are hindered by other departments unskilled staff, which would actually hinder production as skilled staff are covering for their mistakes, hence higher wastage. With more communication cooperation a system could be devised to suit both staff and HBS. i.e. would they be happy being trained in both departments or would staff consider being more flexible in hours with some going part time or acting as floaters for peak time. More discussion with sales would also be advisable as management can plan staff levels for on peak and off peak times. All this can come about in a suitable manner with improved integration, cooperation and communication. This applies also to staff suggestions of less work in the afternoon as well as the implementation of the training system and general lack of rotation. With and discussion, possible compromise a solution to these problems can be sort and hopefully one which is acceptable to both parties. The above is also supported by research from Paul Lawrence, Jay Lorsch whose research showed that effectiveness was closely linked to the degree of integration and communication. Once the conflict has been reduce to manageable levels it is important that management continue to keep these levels in check. Regardless of their style successful management will always depend on their ability to read developing situations. The manager must be able to analyse interest understand conflicts and explore power relations so that situations can be brought under control. In figure 2 we can see the styles of negotiating conflict. Clearly management have largely been taking avoidance as an option and letting it occur. In future management need to address the best possible solution as each situation arises. I would suggest training the Kilmann model to management to address conflict more according in the future. These recommendations infused together will bring about manageable and positive conflict. This in turn will bring about reduction in wastage and also a chance to nurture and harvest staff ideas as well as being more responsive to change.

Free Essays on Davids Mother

After watching David’s Mother, I believe I now have a more knowledgeable and empathetic perspective of how parents of children with special needs manage their lives. David’s Mother sheds light onto the easily-neglected world of the parent of a child with special needs, and seeing the parental issues involved. Viewing how Sally dealt with the widespread issues that evolve from raising and caring for such a child, really made me wonder whom we should pity. The child, or his/her helpless parent? (Besides for the fact that pity is not the appropriate emotion to express towards these children anyway.) Let’s face it. Sally has it pretty tough. Can you really blame her for getting too immersed in her son’s situation? How would any one of us cope with such a severe prognosis? She loved her son David with all of her heart, down to the core. Who can limit a mother’s love for her child? On the other hand, there is a famous quote, â€Å"The road to Hel l is paved with good intentions.† Although I’m positive that Sally intended only the best for David, that doesn’t mean that she wasn’t completely wrong when it came to knowing what proper care dictates. Sally acted as any mother would, the nurture and compassion that she displayed are innate instincts that even animals possess. Although I was a bit surprised at some of her apparent callousness towards her son at times, it was obvious that she loved him so much, that in her own eyes she wasn’t callous at all. She would sometimes get upset at him for ignoring her, did she really expect him to answer? No, that was just the relationship that they shared; she spoke, and she answered for him. Think what you may, but surely no one has a deeper affection for David than his own mother. After watching this film, I believe that parents have a special connection with their children, especially those with special needs. There is some type of understanding that exists, although it ... Free Essays on David's Mother Free Essays on David's Mother After watching David’s Mother, I believe I now have a more knowledgeable and empathetic perspective of how parents of children with special needs manage their lives. David’s Mother sheds light onto the easily-neglected world of the parent of a child with special needs, and seeing the parental issues involved. Viewing how Sally dealt with the widespread issues that evolve from raising and caring for such a child, really made me wonder whom we should pity. The child, or his/her helpless parent? (Besides for the fact that pity is not the appropriate emotion to express towards these children anyway.) Let’s face it. Sally has it pretty tough. Can you really blame her for getting too immersed in her son’s situation? How would any one of us cope with such a severe prognosis? She loved her son David with all of her heart, down to the core. Who can limit a mother’s love for her child? On the other hand, there is a famous quote, â€Å"The road to Hel l is paved with good intentions.† Although I’m positive that Sally intended only the best for David, that doesn’t mean that she wasn’t completely wrong when it came to knowing what proper care dictates. Sally acted as any mother would, the nurture and compassion that she displayed are innate instincts that even animals possess. Although I was a bit surprised at some of her apparent callousness towards her son at times, it was obvious that she loved him so much, that in her own eyes she wasn’t callous at all. She would sometimes get upset at him for ignoring her, did she really expect him to answer? No, that was just the relationship that they shared; she spoke, and she answered for him. Think what you may, but surely no one has a deeper affection for David than his own mother. After watching this film, I believe that parents have a special connection with their children, especially those with special needs. There is some type of understanding that exists, although it ...

Manage your boss’s schedule like a pro

Manage your boss’s schedule like a pro When you’re a personal assistant, scheduling your boss’ day to run as smoothly as possible is an integral part of your job. A great assistant ensures that the flow of appointments and meetings make sense and leaves enough time to accomplish quality work on all projects.Here are some key strategies for managing two schedules: your bosss and your own.Share a calendar.If youre still maintaining separate work calendars, youre making life unnecessarily complicated. Use a program like Google Calendar to get you and your bosss appointments, meetings, and days off on one shared, living document. There, you both can add, edit, and sync things seamlessly so no events through the cracks. Shell know when youre out for a dentist appointment and wont wonder where you are, and youll know that shes working from home on Friday so you wont schedule any in-person meetings. When you meet with your boss, make sure to ask about the following weeks obligations and update your shared calendar as needed.Leave space every day.Scheduling effectively is not just about making sure every meeting and phone call fits into the day. It’s also about leaving chunks of dedicated time for your boss to do what he or she needs to accomplish- or even what he may have to do. Try not to book anything back-to-back without giving him a breather. Allow her some dedicated work time to actually get things done.Dont double book.Double booking obligations just leads to unnecessary stress and occasional embarrassment for both your boss and you. Don’t do it. If you accidentally say yes to a meeting and find out theres something else slotted for the time, reschedule right away with apologies.Be the weather/traffic person.If your boss has off-site meetings, make sure to map out routes to unfamiliar places. Keep an eye on traffic reports to avoid any unseen delays or catastrophes. Keep an eye on the weather report too, since storms will affect both what your boss wears and how fast sheâ €™s able to get where she needs to go.Keep an eye on the clock.You may have scheduled a meeting to fit within a specific time window, but meetings can easily go over time when people dont stick to an agenda.Be mindful of the clock to ensure that a meeting never runs late or bleeds into the next scheduled task. Don’t let your boss get sidetracked by an overly chatty appointment. Its your job to remind him that he has another appointment or task on the docket.If a particularly important meeting cannot be halted so easily, snap into action to reconfigure the rest of the day. Figure out what other entries on the schedule can be moved around or even canceled to avoid wasting a minute of anyone’s time.Leave time for lunch.Getting the day’s work done may come first on any schedule, but you need to keep your tanks well-fueled to get you and your boss through your busy day. That means leaving some time in the schedule for a proper lunch. Ask your boss at what time of day she prefers to eat, and then block off at least 30 minutes in your shared calendar where she cant be disturbed. Ideally, youll take your lunch break during this same window.Find a system that works for both of you.Make sure you get a sense of how your boss likes to prioritize duties and structure his day. If you ever have a question about which obligation is more important, just ask. Eventually, you’ll develop a shorthand for working with each other that will keep both of you on schedule.

Promoting Unity in the Family Unit in the twenty First century Essay

Promoting Unity in the Family Unit in the twenty First century - Essay Example   Accepting the changes in the family unit that have occurred during the twentieth century can be one of the best methods of achieving harmony in the family. An acceptance on the part of the parents of the changed social codes regarding the manner in which men and women are to conduct themselves in society, an help bridge distances between the two parents in case any clash happens. On many occasions, conflicts arise as a result of the inability on the part of either parent to accept that the gender roles that the other is supposed to adhere to have changed from previous generations. Parents who have grown up seeing earlier models of manhood and womanhood may not be able to adjust to modern lifestyles that demand different definitions of either category of genders. During the twentieth century, the notions of differences between sex and gender that came about primarily due to feminist movements have also caused changes in the structure of the family. The establishment of the differe nces in the sexual and gender roles, that a person is supposed to perform, was explained at length by the French feminist, Simone De Beauvoir in her book, The Second Sex (Beauvoir). A redistribution of jobs within the family may enable different members, whichever sex they are, to feel themselves more a part of the family. This would follow from the fact that they would be able to see themselves not just as members of a family as a result of their crudely reproductive functions but also because of the characteristics as individuals.      Contrary to popular perception gay and lesbian families can actually strengthen family structures since the reproductive aspect of relations that is present in heterosexual families is less a part of homosexual families. The structuring of such families can function as models for units that are distinct from conventional standards of the family. Such standards may enable people of any orientation to bring in more of their individuality into family units as a positive change. To be a part of a united group of individuals that form a unit within a society, one needs to feel accepted within that group. Unconventional models can be the next step in the evolution of the family unit in the twenty first century. Such a process of evolution may lead to models of the family that are stronger and more united than those which were a feature of the past. Strict patriarchal authority that was the driving force of earlier models of

A critical discussion of the role of organisational memory on Essay

A critical discussion of the role of organisational memory on innovation - Essay Example ith implementation; the more innovative a function, the thinner the time gap between creating and executing, planning and creating, or conceptualizing and applying. Researchers have identified innovation as a variation from current customs or understanding (Mooner & Miner, 1997, p. 95). As advancement involves some level of design or plan, it is believed that is a type of innovation. Nonetheless, it is just one type of innovation. For instance, if an organization innovates a fresh technique to store chemicals by analyzing its requirements, collecting details, planning the fresh storage utility, receiving proposals, and ultimately creating it, the organization has innovated. In addition, innovative activities may involve quite different levels of improvement; a very huge percentage or comparatively tiny percentage of the activities may be novel. Some level of innovation is necessary for an activity to meet the chronological order classification due to its stress on plan or design of activity. These concerns propose a fine connection between innovation and organizational memory. On the other hand, they as well mean that treating them as the same could decrease the capability to appreciate the particular concerns of chronological order by confusing level of organizational memory with level of innovation. Clarifying these differences highlights the notion that the â€Å"proposed definition makes no predictions or assumptions in and of itself regarding the consequences of innovation† Mooner and Miner, 1997, p. 96). This makes innovation more helpful as a study field, because it is then possible to hypothesize as well as check ideas regarding the situations in which innovation is and is not important. It is argued here that organizational memory signifies one of the major determinants of the environment of innovative endings. One thing that is clear with respect to organizational innovation is the effect of earlier practices as well as understanding of the innovating

Vietnamese Writing System Essay Example for Free

Vietnamese Writing System Essay A pgonemic system with borrowings from Chinese logographs, the modern Vietnamese writing system is a 17th century reformed Latin alphabet known as quoc ngu (â€Å"Conlang,† 2007). The present system was developed by the Portuguese missionaries in Vietnam (â€Å"The Vietnamese,† 2006). The system has penetrated all walks of life and today is the dominant writing system in the country without fear or favor (â€Å"Vietnamese Language,† 2007). Of course, Vietnam has very close ties with China. Not only is the Vietnamese writing system using some of the Chinese logographs; but the love of literacy in the golden (ancient) Chinese civilization has also been transferred unto the Vietnamese people. Before the 17th century the dominant writing system in Vietnam used â€Å"modified Chinese characters† (â€Å"The Vietnamese†). The system was called Chonum. That system was completely overruled at the time the French missionary by the name of Alexandre de Rhodes confirmed quoc ngu as the new system of Latin style writing in Vietnam. Life changed for the Vietnamese people forever as internationalization took hold. After all, the writing system of a peoples represents their very heart and soul in some way or another. Reforms made to writing systems do also reveal patterns of historical movements. The Vietnamese writing system has not undergone reforms after Rhodes. This stability in the use of language is supplemented by the fact that Latin is a multinational alphabet that has been adopted by the very ethnic, nationalist, and individualist Vietnamese peoples (â€Å"Writing,† 2007). As is obvious, the Vietnamese people have adopted internationalization wholeheartedly, even though colonialism might not have been a brilliant experience for everybody. The use of quoc ngu in modern-day Vietnam is a testament to the potency of long lasting changes. References Conlang/Intermediate/Writing. (2007). Wikibooks. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Conlang/Intermediate/Writing. The Vietnamese Writing System. (2006). Globalization Partners International. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://www. globalisationpartners. com/Translation_Services/Vietnamese/HTML/The_Vie tnamese_Writing_System. html. Vietnamese Language. (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vietnamese_language. Writing: The history, development and evolution of the world’s writing systems. (2007). Kryss Tal. Retrieved 15 June 2007, from http://www. krysstal. com/writing. html.

Humanism and Its Effects on Renaissance Art Essay examples -- European

Beginning roughly around the year 1400 an era in Europe began; one that would shape the ideas and the lives of men. This era of rebirth or renaissance came within the fifteenth century through the revival of classical texts. One central effect of the Renaissance was the production of a new intellectual idea: humanism. Humanism being defined as a, â€Å"[t]erm invented in the 19th century. . . [regarding] developments relating to the revival of Classical literature and learning in European culture from roughly 1300 to 1600† left its mark on all of Europe leaving nothing untouched not even the artist. Both northern and southern art would be affected by humanism but in different ways ranging from changes in the human form, new choices of topic and new religious purpose. Southern art refers to the art created in what is today Italy however, at the time Italy consisted of many separate and often warring nations. This peninsula held two important advantages which affected the way Italy did art: Rome and Venice. Italy began to produce a kind of art very literally affected by humanism. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries both the human form and the subject itself moved from two-dimensional religious settings to ideal depictions of mythology. It is in Italy that names such as Brunelleschi and Donatello went to Rome to study the lessons of antiquity concerning architecture and the human form; this directly resulting in Brunelleschi's dome and arches even Donatello’s Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata and his David. All are examples to the revival of antiquities’ ways. These lessons from the ancients developed a new type of beauty. Haughton describes this affect, â€Å"The idealized figures of Florentine art are a composite of perf ... ... welcome a new style: Mannerism defined as a being bridge between the Renaissance and Baroque periods . As time propelled Europeans forward there is no doubt that the ancients’ influence was not finished, it would continue to affect the art and the culture of Europe for many generations to come. Works Cited Duke, James O. "Humanism." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://0-www.oxfordartonline.com.library.acaweb.org/subscriber/article/grove/art/T039396 (accessed February 12, 2011). Haughton, Neil. 2004. "Perceptions of beauty in Renaissance art." Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 3, no. 4: 229-233. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed February 12, 2011). Wundram, Manfred. "Mannerism." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://0-www.oxfordartonline.com.library.acaweb.org/subscriber/article/grove/art/T053829 (accessed February 12, 2011).

Dementia: How and Whom Does It Affect?

Running Head: DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 1 Dementia: How and Whom Does it Affect? Liberty University COUNS 502 B-23LUO Instructor: Dr. Richard Pace Shelly M. Becker March 5, 2013 DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 2 Abstract Although dementia is often viewed as an â€Å"old person’s disorder, its effects ripple down in many directions such as family, caregivers, finances, and the healthcare system, leaving behind many unanswered questions and confusion for all. The purpose of this paper will be to answer some of these questions, so that a better understanding of dementia will be possible.By doing so through research already performed, articles written on the subject, and information found in books written by experts in the fields of gerontology, developmental disorders (neurological), and dementia specifically, the average reader will be able to define dementia, understand basic concepts and theories of causation, explain the progression of this disorder, and fully appreciate the potential and real effects this disorder has on the individual, caregivers, costs (both for the individual and society), and lastly, learn coping strategies to help all affected make the best out of a debilitating disorder of the brain.Keywords: dementia, gerontology, neurological, developmental disorders, caregivers DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 3 Dementia: How and Whom Does it Affect? Introduction Although dementia is often viewed as an â€Å"old person’s† disorder, it affects ripple down in many directions such as to family, caregivers, finances, and the healthcare system, leaving behind many unanswered questions and confusion for all.Based on research and information reported by experts in many fields, this paper will explore the different aspects surrounding dementia, specifically Alzheimer’s Disease, with the goal of helping the average person to better understand this debilitating disorder, become more familiar with how it af fects everyone, and lastly, make available to the reader techniques and strategies that could benefit the afflicted, their caregivers, and medical professionals dealing with patients suffering from dementia. It is safe to say that everyone does, or will, know someone in their lifetime that has dementia.One reason for this is the rapid growing numbers of elderly as a segment of global population. According to Chop and Robnett (1999): Baby boomers first turned 50 in 1996, and since then, every 7 seconds an American will turn 50 until the year 2014. In addition, growth of the older than 65 cohorts will continue to increase as baby boomers began turning 65 in 2010. It is estimated that y 2030, 22 percent, or 70. 2 million, Americans will be older than the age of 65. Even more astonishing, those over 85 years of age are the fastest growing segment of our DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? population. They are expected to triple in size between 1986 and 2030, and be nearly seven times larger in 2050 than in 1980! (pp. 2-3) The rapid growth of this age group is not only being seen in America, it is occurring globally. In addition to the baby boomers now becoming â€Å"of age†, [quotation marks added] other factors contributing to the larger numbers of elderly, are the advances in the fields of medicine and in technology. It was not too long ago that the average life expectancy was around â€Å"45 years of age in 1900†, according to Chop and Robnett (1999), â€Å"increasing to 76 years in 990†(p. 48). Because dementia is more commonly diagnosed in the elderly, we will be experiencing an increase in numbers of diagnoses. This doesn’t necessarily mean that a greater percentage of the elderly are being affected by dementia, but more likely that this is a reflection of the greater number of elderly surviving to the age that onset is more likely to occur. This in turn will increase the probability that each of us at some point in our lives w ill be affected by this disorder, whether it is through a family member, friend, co-worker, or ourselves.In light of the above, it is more important now than ever, to bring about a greater awareness and understanding to all so that we may better be prepared to meet the needs, at all levels, of this rapidly growing group of our elders. Types and Symptoms of Dementia One of the areas that is of concern, and that research is being aimed at, is the need to find an accurate diagnostic tool(s) that can definitively diagnose dementia in its early DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 5 stages. As we age, there is a natural decline in many areas of our functioning and/or appearance.We often see changes in physical capabilities such as balance, strength, and we see changes in our sight, hearing, and general appearance, (hair color, we become shorter, or develop wrinkles). And yes, there are often changes of decline in cognition as we age, changes in comprehension, memory, or clarity of thou ght. In the past, we thought, as a society, that this was normal aging, all of it. Grandma was senile and that was the way life progressed. As stated earlier, our life expectancy was much shorter and we often did not see the final stages of dementia, therefore we didn’t view the decline in these areas as abnormal.The early stages of dementia often mimic the natural decline in some people of their senses. With medical advances, and longer life spans, we began to see that some people didn’t experience this deterioration in the same way. Some people live to be 100 and are still alert and in control of all their functions!! So to answer the question, are individuals with dementia normal? Should we all be afraid that the longer we live, the less capable we will be in living life? The answer is no. â€Å"Progressive severe loss of memory-routinely forgetting conversations or that one ate at a particular restaurant-and impaired thinking abilities are not a normal part of agi ng.Rather, such problems may be signs of a dementia-loss of brain functions due to an organic cause. Dementia is a generic term that includes a host of symptoms related to brain failure. There are several causes of dementia, but Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause. † (Kuhn, 1999. p. 11) Dementia is not a disease. It is a condition caused by a number of diseases. Currently, it DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 6 is estimated that more than 4 million, to as many as 7 million, people in the United States have dementia and more than 14 million people will be demented by the year 2050. (Levine, 2006. p. 6) The following is a list of the different types of dementia found in the DSM-IV-TR, Fourth Edition (2000): Alzheimer’s; Vascular Type; Type Due to HIV Disease; Dementia Due to Head Trauma; Dementia Due to Huntington’s Disease; Dementia Due to Parkinson’s Disease; Dementia Due to Pick’s Disease; Dementia Due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; Dementia Due to Other General Medical Conditions; Substance-Induced Persisting Dementia; Dementia Due to Multiple Etiologies; and Dementia Not Otherwise Specified (p. 147).The common feature of these different types is memory impairment. Depending on the etiology, the other features of each vary. For example, with AD, the progression is very slow, lasting 8-10 years or longer, resulting in death. On the other hand, in Vascular Dementia, the onset is abrupt with rapid changes in functioning occurring versus slow the progression of symptoms. Also, early treatment of hypertension and vascular disease may prevent further progression, whereas in AD there is no way at this time, to prevent its progression.For the purpose of this paper there are too many different types of dementia, and their symptoms vary, making it impractical to discuss them all. Therefore, because Alzheimer’s is the most common of the types, the following discussion will be limited to its main features . (Hoffman, 2009. ) Alzheimer's was first described in 1906 by a German neurologist named Dr. Alois DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 7 Alzheimer. During that time period, as was pointed out earlier, the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease were viewed collectively as senility. What Dr.Alzheimer found when he performed an autopsy on a woman of 51 years of age was what we call today beta-amyloid plaques between neurons and bundles of protein threads within the neurons. These were the same as what were found in the brains of the elderly who were considered senile and just getting old. It wasn't until the 1960's that these were understood to be intrinsic to a brain disease, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and that the symptoms of AD were not a normal part of aging, but rather were due to the diseased brain failing and dying off in part due to these plaques and tangles. pp. 2-5) This was not the only organic feature found as a part of AD. The discovery of certain mutant genes present in those suffering from AD, led to evidence of a genetic cause that places one at higher risk. In cases like this, the onset of AD occurs between the ages of 30-50 yrs. This is referred to as early-onset AD, as it occurs between the ages of 30-50 years old. Late on-set AD, typically occurs after the age of 65. Other factors that increase the risk of AD are (Hoffman, 2009, p. 50) high blood pressure, diet, diabetes type 2, women are slightly higher at risk, as well as (Feldman, 2000, p. ) African Americans and Hispanics being at higher risk than Caucasians. (Andersen, Kessing, Korner, Lauritzen, ; Lopez, 2007). Also, disorders such as depression or delusional disorder increase the chances of developing AD (p. 628). Again, the risk factors are there, but little is known as to why how, or if they will affect the outcome of developing AD, or not.So much research has been going on over the last 20 or so years, which has DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 8 increased the understanding of AD t remendously. But being able to have a way to detect AD in its earliest stages at this time, is still not possible. The goal of this intense research is that we may be able to use the information learned thus far, like the presence of tangles and plaques, the body's inability to be able to circumvent their build up in the brain, to find a way to stop the progression of AD before the symptoms are too many, and/or re unable to be stopped. So much more needs to be learned before we reach that point. Nevertheless, advances in the field of medicine and in technology are so amazing and rapid. The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI's}, and other high tech instruments that are now available to view images of the brain and how it functions, will hopefully lead to answers soon for the victims of AD and other types of dementia, and for their families. The areas that are affected for the individual with AD are many. The most devastating is the affect on memory.There is a normal amount of mem ory loss in most of us as we age. The difference for somebody with AD is that it begins to interfere with their ability to perform daily activities and continues to progress as time moves forward. It can be compared to the disease model of addiction. Something becomes an addiction when it interferes with your life on a daily basis, and it exhibits progression. AD is difficult to diagnose in its early stage. The individual and family members usually notice that something is different, but it doesn't get addressed at this point.This could be for many reasons such as fear, denial, and /or just being plain uninformed about AD. The first 2 or 3 years seem to be a gradual decline, in the short term memory especially DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 9 at first. (Kuhn, 1999. ) The brain is so amazing that as humans, we learn to compensate for deficiencies when we have them. (p. 43) For example, someone who has head trauma from an accident and loses some speech can often, with therapy, retrain the brain in another area to relearn how to speak. This applies to AD also.Because of the progression though, this can only be done for so long. After around 2-3 years, the decline in memory, and the effects that this has on other areas of functioning, begins to spiral down at a faster rate. As the brain cells die and the neurons and synapses no longer are working, the person will begin to forget names, places, events, how to use the telephone, where they are, and eventually who they and their loved ones are anymore. In the beginning, the individual is often aware of what is happening, and this will cause a reaction, of course.Their past coping skills, their support system, and their spiritual beliefs concerning life and death, will all influence how they will handle what is happening to them. Often some grieving will occur both in the individual, as well as those close to him. There is the knowledge of impending death, but in addition, now the family members watch as the p erson literally dies away in front of them. And for the afflicted, they grieve as they see themselves losing their sense of self and not knowing how they now will fit into the world ( Feldman, 2000).During the stage of development known as adolescence, one’s cognitive and emotional advances lead to being able to form relationships with others, think abstractly, which aids in the development of spirituality when trying to find one’s identity, and to perform executive functions such as making plans, organizing, projecting oneself into the future mentally, and following steps in an DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 10 order to achieve something (pp. 385-389). All of this leads to a loss of being able to relate to others which can lead to isolation and depression and anxiety at times. Levine, MD. , 2006). Other areas of the person that diminish in capability are language, visual-spatial perceptions, such as depth perception which can interfere with walking for example , as well as getting lost. Behavior is also affected and can be seen when impulses and socially acceptable boundaries are no longer relevant, or controllable because of a lack of comprehension, or they are just forgotten, leading to inappropriate actions or speech. In the late stage, the person is no longer even recognizable as the loved one once known.They become incontinent, unable to feed their self, talk, walk, or interact in any way (pp. 45-47). Effects on Family, Caregivers, and Society Little has been done to study the effects of dementia on children in the families where a parent has been diagnosed with early-onset AD. One study performed in the Uk by researchers Spector, Stott, and Svanberg, in 2009, looked at 12 children under the age of 18. They found that overall, the burden of caring for a parent with AD has a negative impact on their relationships with peers, on their schoolwork and achievement goals, and often led to emotional difficulties.The children often felt that it was their responsibility and downplayed the whole situation. They often felt a loss of their parent and that they were now taking on the role as the parent. Grieving was common. A positive outcome was the possibility of the experience leading to higher self-esteem due to the fact that it DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 11 showed the resilience within them to adapt. One finding was that the children had little, to no support system, or anyone to talk to. Their peers had no clue and support groups were / are not set up and available.This would be one way to assist these children. Another would be to educate the school system and train counselors to assist children, who are acting as adults in situations like this (p. 740). According to Harris and Keady (2008), in their study of selfhood in patients with early-onset, the loss of self is often more complex and unique to each family than in those with late-onset. This possibly is due to the fact that between 30-50 years old, o ne’s self-identity has many active components they must face losing such as their work identity, sexual identity, and family identity (p. 437).Some of these may overlap with patients of late-onset AD, but most often they don’t. This area of research is very scarce and in need of more studies so as to be able to help this group of families find strategies to better cope as they work their way through this situation â€Å"The most common form of caregiving relationship in dementia is between spouses or partners† (Clare, van Dijkhuizen, Pearce, & Quinn, 2008, p. 770). Often an adult child takes on the role of caregiver. In all instances, the stress of caring for a loved one with AD is usually very stressful and leads to feelings of depression, anxiety, confusion, and even anger.As an adult child caregiver, the parent-child roles get reversed and this can create uneasiness for both parties. In the early stage of AD, the sources of frustration and stress come more fr om having to learn how to cope with the changes that are required to be a caregiver, such as free time to relax, socialize, etc. Also, the fact that little DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 12 information is provided about the condition(s) to families and caregivers makes it more difficult to know what to do and when.Not knowing what to expect next can be a stressor in itself. Not only is there a negative impact on the mental condition of caregivers, but there is also a negative impact on their health. Looking at the overall picture, the story looks grim. Life is full of challenges and not only can they strengthen us to learn new ways to adapt and cope, but they are God-given opportunities to connect at a level so deep with another being, and then use that connection to hopefully relieve some of their suffering and pain.Everyone deserves to be treated with dignity and respect throughout life and at this final life span stage, those who have AD and are losing everything to the d isease, deserve to be treated in such a way that they too may be able to die with dignity. Society in Western Culture often has a negative overall view of old age. If you are non-productive, and unable to care for yourself, many take the view that you are worthless and a drain on society. This is turn influences the decisions made by politicians and government about how this huge group of elderly will be cared for.Seeing the elderly as negative is called ageism, and it is alive and well like many other ‘isms’ of today. The problem now is that the reality of issues concerning healthcare, financial assistance and housing options for the elderly, especially those who are ill with AD and/or other types of dementia, are no longer concerns of the future. These need to be addressed now in order to truly benefit this fast growing cohort and the future for us when we also reach this stage of life. DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 13 ConclusionWe now know that dementia is a condition that is caused by underlying diseases such as vascular disease. It is not a normal part of aging and it has genetic component, as well as a malfunction in the brain that causes the buildup of tangles and plaques which kill the neurons, cells, and synapses in the brain. This all leads to the symptoms which slowly rob a person of all their faculties, resulting in death. The effects on the patient are many and can create depression, anxiety, and frustration over what is happening to them. It also has effects of the family members and the caregivers.The majority of these effects seem to be negative (depression, anger, isolation, and illness). But they can also be positive, such as satisfaction and increased affection toward the patient, or higher self esteem due to doing the right thing and being responsible and loving. In our society, we all have to come to grips with our attitudes toward the aging. The enormous numbers of those over 55 can’t be ignored any longer. In creased awareness of AD and its symptoms will hopefully create motivation for creating and developing programs to assist in teaching strategies and coping skills for caregivers.Another avenue for change is creating groups to advocate for national healthcare that will then assist in making healthcare available to those with AD and to the elderly as a whole. And last, continuing research to search for a way to diagnose AD in its early stage with the hope that we can then provide ways to treat the symptoms and possibly slow down the progression of AD. The more knowledge we have, the more empowered we are to make changes. The focus should be on all pulling together to make a difference in the lives of those suffering with DEMENTIA: HOW AND WHOM DOES IT AFFECT? 14AD in their â€Å"Golden Years† instead of enjoying this last stage of life and being able to feel content as we self reflect and pass on our wisdom and/or truths we have learned about life as we complete our passage thro ugh this last stage of existence. Running header: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 DEMENTIA AND ITS EFFECTS Shelly Becker Liberty University Introduction to Human Development COUN 502 B-23 LUO Dr. Richard Pace March 6, 2013 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2Berman, C. W. , & Becker, M. F. (2010). Transference in Patients and caregivers. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 107-114 Retrieved February 4, 2013 from http:/search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu: 2048/login. aspx-? direct=+ rue &db=a9h&AN=48973816&site=ehost-live&scope=site The topic of transference is relevant to all therapeutic relationships. The caregiver and recipient of care are seen as being in such a relationship, which then implies that trans- ference is at high risk of occurring.The article explores counter-transference as well, and how if not dealt with, this can have a negative effect on the overall relationship, and its therapeutic outcome. Braun, M. , Scholz, U. , Bailey, B. , Perren S. , Hornung, R. , & Martin, M. (2009). Dementia care-giving in spousal relationships: A dyadic perspective. Aging & Mental Health, 13(3), 426-436. doi: 10. 1080/13607860902879441 This article investigates the various effects of care-giving for spouses diagnosed with dementia on both the caregiver and the recipient.Previously, the data compiled mostly came from the caregiver only. This study differs in that it takes into account the feedback from both parties to get a better picture of the overall effects on the dyadic relationship. By doing so, hopefully this will lead to new insights and more effective interventions for a better outcome as the article points out. Castelli, I. , Pini, A. , Alberoni, M. , Liverta-Sempio, O. , Baglio, F. , Massaro, D. , & Nemni, R. (2011).Mapping levels of theory of mind in Alzheimer’s disease: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 a preliminary study. Aging & Mental Health, 15(2), 157-168. doi: 10. 1080/ 13607863. 2010. 513038 This article specifically deals with how Theory of Mind (To M) is understood in relation to dementia and various forms of dementia such as Alzheimer’s. When neuro-imaging is explained as the basis for learning in cognitive early stages of development, it is easier to understand how it might fit in with dementia and Alzheimer’s.In very simplistic terms, neuro-mirror-imaging underlies ToM and if this is no longer functional in the aging brain, it could explain to an extent, the symptoms exhibited in these brain disorders which in turn could lead to more effective interventions. Clare, Li, Dijkhuizen, M. , Pearce, A. , & Quinn, C. (2008). The experience of providing care in the early stages of dementia: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 12(6), 769-775. Retrieved February 8, 2013 from: Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhostMany families, and patients with dementia, are given little to no information on Dementia, especially the early stages of it. It seems that very little is known about the early sta ges. This article is looked at from the point of view of the care-givers and how they interpret the situation and subsequently the care they give to the patient, who is often their spouse or parent. The relationship to the â€Å"patient† prior to the onset of dementia influences the perceptions and actions of both the caregiver and recipient.All of this is reflected in the article. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 Diagnosis. (2011). Annals of Internal Medicine, 154(11), 5-8. Retrieved on February 8, 2013 from: http://search. Ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu: 2048/login. aspx? Direct=true & db=a9h & AN=62807891 & site = ehost-live 7 scope = site This article is very informative with respect to the importance of early detection of dementia as well as an accurate diagnosis of dementia.The effects of longer life spans in the field of medicine are discussed. We now have to deal with a much longer, and complex unfolding of the aging process than say 50 years ago. What can we do to imp rove diagnostic capabilities of trained medical professionals so as to be able to provide timely and accurate information and treatment interventions so as to increase the outcomes of successful? Harris, P. , & Keady, J. (2009). Selfhood in younger onset dementia: Transitions and testimonies. Aging & Mental Health, 133), 437-444. oi:10. 1080/13607860802534609 Very interesting article! Most often dementia is thought of as only an â€Å"old person’s† disorder. This article indentifies 5 areas of self and discusses how they are affected by the onset of dementia and other brain degenerative disorders, specifically with regard to the younger people if effects (ex. ages 40-67). Personal testimonies were gathered from those afflicted and then carefully interpreted and grouped and validated to reach the conclusions drawn. The results on the self are very informative!ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 Korner, A. , Lopez, A. G. , Lauritzen, L. , Andersen, P. K. , & Kessing, L. V. (2008). Delusional disorder in old age and the risk of developing dementia-a nationwide register-based study. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 625-629. doi: 10. 1080/13607860802343118 The distinction between delusional and demented is discussed. Questions such as if being delusional is a reliable predictor of future dementia were posed, as well as looking for the connecting factor(s), if any, between the two disorders.Symptomology was discussed and the importance of medical professionals being well-versed in this, so as to be able to correctly diagnose, offer appropriate treatment, and increase the chances for predicting future disorders in a fairly reliable fashion. Spek, A. A. , Scholte, E. M. & Van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2010). Theory of Mind in adults with High Functioning Autism (HFT) & Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 40(3), 280-289. doi: 10. 1077/s10803-009-0860-y ToM is explained in detail s to how it applies to the two disorders mentioned in the title. The reason I chose to include this article was because it gave a very good historical view of Theory of Mind as well as explained how it is seen as being the ‘possible missing link† between normal cognitive functioning and the functioning of brain disorders like HFA and Aspergers, as well as dementia and Alzheimers. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 This article gave me a broader understanding of ToM and its applications. This article also included applications to theories of religion, philosophy, and life in general.I found it very useful and enlightening and intend on researching it much more in depth in the future! Svanberg, E. , Scott, J. , & Spector, A. (2010). ‘Just Helping’: Children living with a parent with young onset dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 740-751. doi: 10. 1080/1360786100371374 With the onset of dementia in younger patient, under 67 or so, the children of this group have been forgotten in the research. I believe this is due in part to th e numbers of this group are small in comparison to the overall age of onset.This has left the families and children, as well as the patient with little information and or helpful interventions aimed at them specifically. These children, as pointed out in the article, suffer effects in their schooling, social lives, and their overall description and responsibilities expected of them in their previous roles as children. Often now they must act as if the ‘parent’ and the ‘parent’ as if the child. The study was helpful in understanding this group better and its implications for the adolescent or younger child.Tremont, G. (2011). Family Care-giving in Dementia. Medicine & Health Rhode ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 Island, 94(2), 36-38. Retrieve February 2, 2012 from: http:// search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu: 2048/login. aspx? direct=true & db=a9h & AN=58104122& site=ehost-live&scope=site This article centered around care-giving when the caregiver was a family member of the patient. Most often this was the spouse, then the adult child.The factors that ere isolated were gender, type of relationship (married, parent/child), age, and the general feature of the relationship prior to the onset of dementia. For example, was the marriage controlled by one or the other more, or was it considered to lean toward equality? Did the spouse take on characteristics of the parent prior to onset of dementia? Were there built up resentments? Was this true for either the caregiver and/or the recipient? If it is an adult child, how did the relationship while growing up play into the current care-giving situation?These types of questions are important to all concerned for many reasons. A lot of this article is pertinent to my paper. Running Head: REFERENCES 1 Dementia: How and Whom Does it Affect? Liberty University HSER 502 B-23–LUO Dr. Richard Pace March 5, 2013 REFERENCES 2 REFERENCE LIST American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Stat istical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. 2000). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Berman, C. W. , & Becker, M. F. (2010). Transference in Patients and caregivers. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 64(1), 107-114 Retrieved February 4, 2013 from http:/search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu: 2048/login. aspx-? direct=+ rue &db=a9h&AN=48973816&site=ehost-live&scope=site Braun, M. , Scholz, U. , Bailey, B. , Perren S. , Hornung, R. , & Martin, M. (2009). Dementia care-giving in spousal relationships: A dyadic perspective.Aging & Mental Health, 13(3), 426-436. doi: 10. 1080/13607860902879441 Castelli, I. , Pini, A. , Alberoni, M. , Liverta-Sempio, O. , Baglio, F. , Massaro, D. & Nemni, R. (2011). Mapping levels of theory of mind in Alzheimer’s disease: a preliminary study. Aging & Mental Health, 15(2), 157-168. doi: 10. 1080/ 13607863. 2010. 513038 Chop,W. C. , & Robnett, R. H. (1999). Gerontology for the Health Care Professional. P hiladelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Clare, Li, Dijkhuizen, M. , Pearce, A. , & Quinn, C. (2008).The experience of providing care in the early stages of dementia: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 12(6), 769-775. Retrieved February 8, 2013 from: Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost REFERENCES 3 Diagnosis. (2011). Annals of Internal Medicine, 154(11), 5-8. Retrieved on February 8, 2013 from: http://search. Ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu: 2048/login. aspx? Direct=true & db=a9h & AN=62807891 & site = ehost-live 7 scope = site Feldman, R.S. (2001). Development across the Life Span. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Foundation, Inc.. Froemke, S. , Golant, S. , & Hoffman, J. (2009). The Alzheimer’s Project Momentum in Science. New York, N. Y. : Public Affairs. Harris, P. , & Keady, J. (2009). Selfhood in younger onset dementia: Transitions and testimonies. Aging & Mental Health, 133), 437-444. doi:10. 1080/13607860802534609 Kuhn, David, MS W. (1999). Alzheimer’s Early Stages. Salt Lake City, Utah: Publishers Press. Korner, A. , Lopez, A. G. , Lauritzen, L. , Andersen, P. K. & Kessing, L. V. (2008). Delusional disorder in old age and the risk of developing dementia-a nationwide register-based study. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 625-629. doi: 10. 1080/13607860802343118 Levine, R. A. M. D. (2006). Understanding and Preventing Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders. Lanham, Maryland: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Spek, A. A. , Scholte, E. M. & Van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A. (2010). Theory of Mind in adults with High Functioning Autism (HFT) & Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 40(3), 280-289.REFERENCES 4 doi: 10. 1077/s10803-009-0860-y Svanberg, E. , Scott, J. , & Spector, A. (2010). ‘Just Helping’: Children living with a parent with young onset dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 740-751. doi: 10. 1080/1360786100371374 Tremont, G. (2011). Family Care-giving in Dementia. Medicine & Health Rhode Island, 94(2), 36-38. Retrieve February 2, 2012 from: http:// search. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liberty. edu: 2048/login. aspx? direct=true & db=a9h & AN=58104122& site=ehost-live&scope=site

Climate Change And Economic Policy

Climate change is defined as â€Å"Change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods†(Bruno and Mehmet 2010). Modern methods of production create greenhouse gasses as a negative externality via the market failure and government intervention is needed to rectify the situation. Climate change is an issue for the Australian government as it needs to intervene to correct the market failure caused by the free markets inability to provide property rights to mitigate damages caused by the negative externality. (Calhoun 2010) The greenhouse gas externality is a by-product of the production of goods and services via the over-production of emissions. Dr Peter John Wood argues that† climate change is an indisputable threat† and on that basis, as well as the world stage Australia has taken the reins in acting upon climate change. An externality is defined as† are the unintended consequence of one economic agent’s economic activity that affect another agent’s economic activity, but which are not adequately priced through the market (Sonia and Jeff 2011)†. This is also known as market failure and requires government intervention to be able to rectify the problem due to a lack of property rights and correct mitigation for parties involved with the transaction. In this case, one form of the market failure is because the cost of CO2 is not factored into the transaction price. The Gillard government continued a legacy that was started with the Howard government back in 2007 that saw a Carbon Emissions Trading scheme take part in the Australian government to tackle Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions (Chris 2011). The Carbon tax was implemented on June 1st 2012 and has been controversial amongst politicians and economists alike according to Clive’s article â€Å"Australia's Carbon Tax: A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing†. The steps taken to implement a policy should be understood first before critiquing from different viewpoints. The four major points of policymaking are: 1. Specify the goals of policy 2. Identify the targets 3. Specify the policy instruments 4. Model the economy linking the instruments to the targets Using this framework, the goal’s of the policy are to mitigate damages caused by the production of greenhouse gasses on the (global) environment on a national scale and decrease the amount of pollution via increasing the price of polluting. The targets of the policy are the agents involved (Firms producing pollution, environment and households) with the transactions. Firms are the largest creators of the pollution and the households are directly affected by price increases, therefore their welfare post-tax needs to be considered in a socially acceptable policy. The policy instruments include subsidies to the households most affected by the increases in prices of amenities as well as the Pigovian Tax on polluting (Energy 2012). Lastly, the model that directly links the economy to the instruments proposed can be shown below. Tax brings the externality into equilibrium with the social cost. The amount of gain to the social benefit is the darker area and is also the taxation revenue collected on behalf of the government. This also decreases output by the difference in Original output-New output. This can also be shown on a Supply and Demand graph. The graph to the right illustrates the effectiveness of the tax on the existing market price and therefore reducing the quantity of pollution emitted. This tax is directly placed on the top 500 polluting firms in Australia which account for the majority of the pollution via production. The Department for Climate Change and Efficient Energy published their â€Å"Forth Assessment Report† outlining that â€Å"There is clear evidence that our climate is changing, largely due to human activities†. One can infer that the government is acting morally and taking partial responsibility for these human activities, hence action for change and mitigation. Market failure is defined as the inability of the market being able to deliver an efficient level of goods and or services (Calhoun 2010). This is an important aspect when determining what aspects of a policy are vital in addressing the issue at hand, because the situation of pollution is a non-Pareto optimal situation due to the negative externalities created in the transaction between agents. The government’s intervention due to the market failing is justified by its role in the G8, Kyoto Protocol and its response to the public on the matter (â€Å"Australia to have leading role in carbon mitigation† 2007). Another reason is that property rights are not defined clearly with the environment, therefore the government intervention to make the Marginal Social Cost equal the Marginal Social Cost via a Pigovian tax, decreasing the amount of negative externality produced (greenhouse gasses).(Bruno and Mehmet 2010) Macro-economically speaking, this issue impacts both Australia’s macroeconomic goal of efficient resource allocation and sustainable economic growth. Due to high public opinion on green alternatives and clean production, changes in consumer preferences will mean that some goods and services provided using traditional fossil fuels or unsustainable methods may be boy-cotted or fall second preference to ‘green goods’(Kathleen 2012) The Efficient resource allocation goal of Australia addresses â€Å"†¦where resources are allocated in the most efficient manner†(Weng 2008). The environment is a common resource and traditionally has not been defined to any specific owner. Firms may utilise the environment (clean air, sunshine and or clean water) as a factor of production, examples may include Personal Trainers or tour guides. With a market failure existing, it renders the goal incomplete as there is an excess of pollution and undersupply of environment as it is a rival good. Either the polluters must reduce their output of pollution or they must mitigate the affected agents. This causes a problem in the regard, whom is affected by the pollution and by how much does the affected agents need to be mitigated for. Sustainable economic growth in the long term is impacted by climate change. Not only will Australia be affected by the hypothesised changes to temperature for standards of living, but the changes may affect agricultural output and goods demanded by countries importing (supporting) clean production methods. Australia, by implementing policy change enables the economy to be in a better position to respond to act with funds allocated via the policy impact (â€Å"Australia: Australia Prepares for Carbon Tax† 2012). Comparing the current Carbon Tax (Clean Energy Bill) to alternatives that have been proposed such as Carbon Trading Schemes and Subsidies for Clean Investment have both advantages and disadvantages (Calhoun 2010). Australia’s Carbon Tax initially is a fixed price of $23 per Metric Tonne of Carbon Dioxide emitted from the top 500 polluting companies in Australia(Harris 2012). This in its simplicity is a Pigovian Tax, which is used to deter consumption/production of a good or service that causes the negative externality. Simultaneously the Indirect tax signals the taxed firms that they should spend investment capital on ways to lower their output of CO2 emissions (Carrie 2011). Pigovian taxes are designed to increase the price of the good that causes the negative externality by the amount that best reflects the cost to society in the production of the good which will internalise the effects of the externality (Carrie 2011). Examples of these in Australian society include the Alco-Pop tax and tobacco tax. In the case of the Carbon Tax, the good being taxed is pollution and the parties being mitigated are the Australian government on behalf of the environment in which it is representing, in effect the environment is gaining property rights in this explanation. The Pigovian tax, when applied will cause a reduction in the level of pollution due to the cost added. This will vary from firm to firm due to the elasticity of the cost to pollute. It is safe to assume that all firms are elastic with pollution expenses; therefore the economics of the tax are sound. Pigovian taxes have been praised for their simplistic approach to combating both losses of competitiveness due to inefficient methods of production and on goods themselves which are non-essential for consumption when viable substitutes are available according to Harris’s economic survey in 2012. Examples include using solar power on mine sites instead of Gas or Coal power. Pigovian Taxes however are not ideal in the case of Carbon Leakage, whereby firms choose to produce their goods offshore in countries that are not yet or not participating in Carbon Reduction. It reduces Australia’s carbon footprint, however the loss of production in Australia mean relative to before the tax, there is a reduction in output. (Dellaware 2011). By contrasting these to alternative methods to combat climate change such as an Emissions Trading Scheme (Cap and Trade) or the Carbon Offset system. All theoretically are able to reduce the level of the negative externality, however they all have different dynamics to each other and need to be applied using the framework aforementioned in the essay. The Cap and Trade system allows for the Coasian Bargaining of the right to emit greenhouse gasses as part of production of a firm. These permits would be of a set supply, and would limit firms to a ‘cap’ of pollution. These would be traded in the open market meaning that the market subject to demand and elasticity by a firm, determines the price of the permit. This would encourage firms to innovate and reduce the number of permits needed to produce, or be more efficient with the given quota of pollution per year.(Kathleen 2012) Advantages of the Cap and Trade system mean that the total level of greenhouse gases are controlled, IE a set amount per year meaning that it is easier to attain goals from the Kyoto Protocol. International trading markets are also proposed and feasible meaning that there is greater competition for permits which leads to more efficiency domestically. Firms that are unable to compete or innovate into cleaner greener methods are either absorbed by larger more efficient and environmentally viable companies or liquidate, meaning less pollution output. Another advantage is that there is little regulation and or further government attention required to maintain the Cap and Trade system. Because the market forces determine prices between firms, the need for a middle man is removed. Comparing this to a Carbon Tax, where constant auditing, monitoring and enforcement is both time consuming and expensive from a tax payers perspective. Comparing the two graphically below show the changes in price and quantity in the strict control of either supply of increase of price. The Carbon tax is indirect, it controls the price movements, which affect the quantity, and the Cap and Trade system controls the supply, which then determines the price. The biggest disadvantage to not controlling the price of pollution as oppose to the quantity is that it does not promote efficient investment on clean alternatives to production and instead causes prices to rise of the permits, allowing larger companies to purchase the right to continue polluting and drive out smaller less profitable companies, provided they can’t sustain operation by selling excess permits to excessive polluters. Graphically, they yield the same result however; Clive argues that the amount of red tape needed to maintain the Cap and Trade System is not viable. Introducing the Carbon Offset scheme, means that carbon offsets are purchased which in turn mitigates the marginal private cost of the firm to equilibrium level. Firms can only pollute according to their offset amount and has been successful in Europe with 5.5 Billion dollars of offsets traded according to Bruno and Mehmet’s paper on Governance and the Carbon impact. Advantages exist in the offset scheme whereby it guarantee’s firms to take positive action/investment due to money spent on offsets directly in the form of buying credits from firms specific for reducing pollution and or investment on re-forestation and cleaner methods of production. Other arguments exist stating that having a Cap of pollution will force in-efficient firms to find the lowest cost method to reduce their pollution. Again, like any alternative to the Carbon Tax, much more bureaucratic procedures, monitoring costs and governing bodies are required to manage such a proposal (Oh 2007). 1. Similarities exist between the two policy options in that both require a base measured level of pollution to which caps and prices can be compared 1. Both systems will generate revenue via the increase of the Marginal Private cost which can be distributed via the governing body. 1. Both systems will require a governing body to standardise and monitor activities to be equitable (International-Emissions-Trading-Association 2011) Using this information, the policies will affect different groups of individuals differently. The Carbon Tax will have some impact on households, but greater on the top 500 firms. Understanding how it will affect each party will enable a better understanding of the Pareto Efficiency concept. Households under the Carbon Tax will be charged more for amenities and certain activities such as air travel. Using the graph below it is clear that electricity is the largest producer of greenhouse gases and will have the largest impact via the tax. increase of costs of using electricity, any household that earns less than 80,000 dollars a year will benefit from subsidies and household assistance packages from the Liberal Government (Energy 2012).Households will also gain in subsidies and other cleaner initiatives from the government via the revenue collected from the tax which will increase their standard of living, proposed by the new energy reforms(Energy 2012). Linking back to Figure 1, the gains in Social Benefit are the largest gains that the households have, which economically speaking should be a new Pareto optimum specific to householders. Firms on the other hand, if subjected to the tax will have an increase in costs relative to the $23 per metric tonne of CO2 emitted. There is also the added cost of administration fees and loss of investment due to higher costs. Other costs that may be included are changes in capital. Pigovian taxes are aimed to have a distortion effect, decreasing the amount of CO2 emitted, changing what firms use to produce and furthermore where future capital investment may be directed (Bruno and Mehmet 2010). Firms from the impact of a Cap and Trade system will be partaking in Coasian Bargaining. This system has been used in the European Union and has shown dramatic decreases in the levels of CO2 by firms (International-Emissions-Trading-Association 2011). Due to the nature of the market, firms will bid and enter a price war against each other that will drive firms to have the lowest operating cost to save on purchasing permits. Firms that do not use the entire permit’s quota are able to bid off their remaining excess to firms whom can afford to pollute, or can’t afford to innovate into cleaner methods of production. Production, if the firm is pollutant dependant will be affected due to a rise in fixed and variable costs and may decrease output (Gilbert 2007). If the firm is not heavily reliant on pollution, it will see increases in its profits due to the revenue gained from trading the permits. The Cap and Trade system promotes production efficiency according to Gilbert Metcalfe’s proposal for a US Cap Swap in those methods that reduce CO2 output cost less via the tariffs placed. The Cap and Trade system from a household’s perspective will be similar to that of the carbon tax, however a time lag may be present due to firms having a time period in which they can allocate their pollution as opposed to an indirect tax. Each policy suggestion from an economic perspective has its own merits and weaknesses and need to be considered when creating a policy that affects both households and firms. The policy must be fair, equitable and efficient to all parties involved. By comparing the implemented Carbon Tax with the feasible alternative, the Cap and Trade system, the different viewpoints of firms and households are understood.